Effects of the Oxytocin Hormone on Pelvic Floor Muscles in Pregnant Rats.

Background and Objectives: Oxytocin induction is a known risk factor for pelvic floor disorders (PFDs). The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of oxytocin induction on pelvic floor muscles in pregnant rats. Methods: Thirty-two female Wistar rats were included and divided into four groups (n = 8). The groups were as follows: virgin group (group I)-from which muscles were dissected at the beginning of the experiment; spontaneous vaginal delivery (group II) which has delivery spontaneously; saline control group (group III) and oxytocin group (group IV). In groups III and IV, pregnancy was induced on d 21 of pregnancy, with 2.5 mU saline solution or iv oxytocin, respectively, delivered by the intravenous (iv) route in pulses at 10-min intervals for 8 h. Then, the rats were euthanized, the m. coccygeus, m. iliocaudalis and m. pubocaudalis muscles were excised and tissue samples were taken. After histological processing, the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the muscles were analyzed under a light microscope. Results: In group IV; the measurement of the horizontal dimension of the m. pubocaudalis muscles was 50.1 ± 5.4 µm and it was significantly higher than other groups (p < 0.001). In group III; the mean value of the horizontal dimension of m. coccygeus muscle was found to be 49.5 ± 10.9 µm and it was significantly higher than other groups (p < 0.009). Between-group comparisons revealed no difference in mean m. iliocaudalis muscle dimension (p > 0.05). Conclusions: As a result of our study it can say that whether oxytocin induced or not, vaginal birth is a process that affects the pelvic muscles.

Evaluation of the relationship between hallux valgus and foot measurements in radiographic images of adult female.

PURPOSE: In the present study, we aimed to determine the relationship of HV angle with angles and measurements obtained from lateral and anteroposterior (AP) radiological images of the foot in individuals with HV. METHODS: The present study had a retrospective design, and the participants consisted of 66 female patients between the ages of 19 and 64 who applied to Orthopedics and Traumatology and were diagnosed with Hallux valgus. Metatarsus adductus angle, metatarsus primus adductus angle, hallux valgus angle, hallux interphalangeal angle, metatarsal break angle, first metatarsal protrusion distance, metatarsal width, talocalcaneal angle, AP Meary's angle were measured on AP view and calcaneal inclination angle, talar declination angle, lateral talocalcaneal angle, first metatarsal declination angle, fifth metatarsal declination angle, navicular height, lateral Meary's angle, tibiotalar angle were measured on a lateral radiograph. The IBM SPSS 21.0. program was used for statistical analysis, and the level of significance was taken as p < 0.05. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the right and left feet in MPA and AMA measurements. The results showed that HV angle (HVA) had a weak relationship with MAA and MW, as well as a moderately positive relationship with MPA. However, it had a moderately negative relationship with AMA and a weak negative relationship with HIPA. CONCLUSION: We believe that in addition to the HVA angle, MPA and AMA angles should be considered in the diagnosis of HV, especially as the HVA angle is moderately positively correlated with the MPA angle and moderately negatively correlated with the AMA angle.

Estimation of the maximum length of the humerus from its segments lengths / Estimación de la longitud máxima del húmero a partir de las longitudes de sus segmentos

SUMMARY: Long limb bones and fragmentary portions, such as the humerus, are commonly used and examined in forensic and archaeological investigations. This study aimed to estimate the maximum length of the humerus from the measurements of its segments' lengths in our population. The right and left humeri of 100 dry bones from unknown sexes were included in the study. A total of 28 different segments were obtained from 8 different anatomical landmarks named H0, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, and H7. The length of each segment was compared with the maximum length of the humerus (MHL). An independent t-test, Pearson's correlation, and linear and multiple regression analyses were performed and statistical significance was assigned to p values <0.05. The differences in the measurements of the right and left humeri were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). All of the humerus segments indicated a high correlation when compared with the maximum humerus length (p < 0.05). The H2-3 segment showed a weak correlation with MHL r = 0.173 (p > 0.05). This study demonstrated that the linear and multiple regression equations can be used to estimate the humerus length from its segments' lengths.

RESUMEN: Los huesos largos de los miembros y las porciones fragmentarias, como el húmero, se usan y examinan comúnmente en investigaciones forenses y arqueológicas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la longitud máxima del húmero a partir de las mediciones de las longitudes de sus segmentos. Fueron evaluados 100 húmeros secos, derechos e izquierdos, pertenecientes a individuos adultos, de sexo desconocido. Se obtuvieron 28 segmentos distintos de 8 puntos de referencia anatómicos diferentes, denominados H0, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6 y H7. La longitud de cada segmento se comparó con la longitud máxima del húmero (MHL). Se realizó una prueba t independiente, la correlación de Pearson y análisis de regresión lineal y múltiple y se asignó significación estadística a valores de p <0,05. Las diferencias en las medidas del húmero derecho e izquierdo no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p> 0,05). Todos los segmentos del húmero indicaron una alta correlación en comparación con la longitud máxima del húmero (p <0,05). El segmento H2-3 mostró una correlación débil con MHL r = 0,173 (p> 0,05).Este estudio demostró que las ecuaciones de regresión lineal y múltiple se pueden usar para estimar la longitud del húmero a partir de las longitudes de sus segmentos.

Applicability of calf subcutaneous tissue to subcutaneous injection in young adults.

AIM: The aim of the study is to provide usage of subcutaneous tissue of lateral calf area (region of M. Gastrocnemius) in addition to the existing injection regions and to compare tissue thicknesses of the lateral upper arm, anterior and lateral thigh, anterior abdomen regions and calf regions. BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous injection (SC) is an application of 0.5cc drug with an injection (No. 25 and 8-15-18mm long) to the connective tissue under the skin. Individuals to which SC injection is frequently applied, should rotate the injection areas. METHODS: This research uses the descriptive method. One hundred and sixty-one students (aged; 20.09±2.268) were used as test subjects. Demographic data was obtained from the students who agreed to participate in the research. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Skin thickness measured using the Holtain Skinfold Caliper. SPSS 20 package software was used for statistical analysis of the data. For comparison of the tissue thicknesses between genders, the t-test was used for independent groups. In order to determine the interactions between anthropometric measurements within each other and other numerical measurements (age, length. BMI, etc.). Pearson Correlation coefficient and related P value was performed. Statistical P value is taken as 0.05. RESULTS: Consideration of subcutaneous injection applicability of the calf region depended on the injector lengths: 8mm, 15mm and 18mm, 86.3%, 59.6% and 47.8% of the population, respectively were found applicable for this region. CONCLUSIONS: The calf region could be recommended as SC injection region with an 8mm injector. According to the findings it can be said that the calf region of female genders is more applicable than male genders for SC injection. Calf region could be proposed as anticoagulation treatment.